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Egypt
This article is about the country of Egypt. For other uses, see Egypt (disambiguation).
Egypt (Egyptian: Kemet; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Kīmi; Arabic: مصر Miṣr ; Egyptian Arabic: Máṣr), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country in North Africa that includes the Sinai Peninsula, a land bridge to Asia. Covering an area of about 1,001,450 square kilometers (386,560 sq mi), Egypt borders Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, and the Gaza Strip and Israel to the east. The northern coast borders the Mediterranean Sea and the island of Cyprus; the eastern coast borders the Red Sea. Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa. The great majority of its estimated 78 million people (2007) live near the banks of the Nile River in an area of about 40,000 km² (15,000 sq mi) where the only arable agricultural land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with the majority spread across the densely populated centers of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta. Egypt is famous for its ancient civilization and some of the world's most famous monuments, including the Giza pyramid complex and the Great Sphinx. The southern city of Luxor contains numerous ancient artifacts, such as the Karnak Temple and the Valley of the Kings. Egypt is widely regarded as an important political and cultural nation of the Middle East.[2][3][4][5]
Etymology
One of the ancient Egyptian names of the country, Kemet[6] (kṃt), or "black land" (from kem "black"), is derived from the fertile black soils deposited by the Nile floods, distinct from the deshret, or "red land" (dšṛt), of the desert. The name is realized as kīmi and kīmə in the Coptic stage of the Egyptian language, and appeared in early Greek as Χημία (Kymeía). Another name was t3-mry "land of the riverbank". The names of Upper and Lower Egypt were Ta-Sheme'aw (t3-šmˁw) "sedgeland" and Ta-Mehew (t3 mḥw) "northland", respectively. Miṣr, the Arabic and modern official name of Egypt (Egyptian Arabic: Maṣr), is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם (Mitzráyim), literally meaning "the two straits" (a reference to the dynastic separation of upper and lower Egypt).[7] The word originally connoted "metropolis" or "civilization" and also means "country", or "frontier-land". The English name "Egypt" came via the Latin word Aegyptus derived from the ancient Greek word Aígyptos (Αίγυπτος). The adjective aigýpti, aigýptios was borrowed into Coptic as gyptios, kyptios, and from there into Arabic as qubṭī, back formed into qubṭ, whence English Copt. The term is derived from Late Egyptian Hikuptah "Memphis", a corruption of the earlier Egyptian name Hat-ka-Ptah (ḥwt-k3-ptḥ), meaning "home of the ka (soul) of Ptah", the name of a temple to the god Ptah at Memphis. Strabo provided a folk etymology according to which Aígyptos (Αίγυπτος ) had evolved as a compound from Aegaeon uptiōs (Aἰγαίου ὑπτίως), meaning "below the Aegean". History
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Lists
- List of Rulers and heads of state of Egypt
- List of writers from Egypt
- List of Egyptian companies
- List of Egypt-related topics
- List of Egyptians
- List of Egyptian universities
Notes and references
- ^ "Egypt" in the CIA World Factbook, 2007.
- ^ The Nuclear Tipping Point, P.15
- ^ U.S., Egyptian Speakers Say Partnership Must Continue, Expand
- ^ Egypt.
- ^ Egypt-Trade and Diplomatic Relations with the US
- ^ SenenAnep Meritamen. "English to Egyptians Dictionary." posted 29 Aug 2004. Ancient Worlds. AncientWorlds LLC, 2002 <http://www.ancientworlds.net/399761>.
- ^ Biblical Hebrew E-Magazine. January, 2005
- ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
- ^ Bard, Kathryn A. Ian Shaw, ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. p. 69.
- ^ Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39
- ^ El-Daly, Okasha. Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press, 2005. p. 140
- ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. The History of Modern Egypt. 4th edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1992, p. 39
- ^ Jankowski, James. Egypt: A Short History. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2000. p. 83
- ^ Jankowski, op cit., p. 112
- ^ Vatikiotis, p. 443
- ^ Jankowski, James. "Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism" in Rashid Khalidi, ed. The Origins of Arab Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, pp. 244-45
- ^ qtd in Dawisha, Adeed. Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton University Press. 2003, p. 99
- ^ Jankowski, "Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism," p. 246
- ^ Deighton, H. S. "The Arab Middle East and the Modern World", International Affairs, vol. xxii, no. 4 (October 1946), p. 519.
- ^ "Before Nasser, Egypt, which had been ruled by Britain since 1882, was more in favor of territorial, Egyptian nationalism and distant from the pan-Arab ideology. Egyptians generally did not identify themselves as Arabs, and it is revealing that when the Egyptian nationalist leader [Saad Zaghlul] met the Arab delegates at Versailles in 1918, he insisted that their struggles for statehood were not connected, claiming that the problem of Egypt was an Egyptian problem and not an Arab one." Makropoulou, Ifigenia. Pan - Arabism: What Destroyed the Ideology of Arab Nationalism?. Hellenic Center for European Studies. January 15, 2007.
- ^ Dawisha, p. 237
- ^ Dawisha, pp. 264-65, 267
- ^ Vatikiotis, p. 499
- ^ In Egypt, India is Big B!. Hindustan Times. December 25, 2006.
- ^ a b Ragab, Ahmed. El-Masry el-Yom Newspaper. "What is the definition of 'Arab Nationalism': Question at a bus stop in Imbaba". May 21, 2007.
- ^ In an audio interview on Egypt's links with Sub-Saharan Africa and the Arab world, Hawass believes that "even today Egyptians are Egyptians. It really doesn't mean that because we speak Arabic that we can be Arabs. We are...really, I feel personally that we are related even today to the Pharaohs."
- ^ An Interculturalist in Cairo. InterCultures Magazine. January 2007.
- ^ Kimit Sagi (Arabic)
- ^ We are Egyptians, not Arabs. ArabicNews.com. 11/06.2003.
- ^ Ghobrial, Kamal. Egypt, the Arabs and Arabism. el-Ahali. August 31-September 6, 2005. (Arabic)
- ^ Said Habeeb's Masreyat. (Arabic)
- ^ Egyptian national group (Arabic)
- ^ Egyptian people section from Arab.Net
- ^ Princeton Alumni Weekly
- ^ Review by Michelle Fram Cohen. The Atlasphere. Jan. 17, 2005.
- ^ Haeri, Niloofar. Sacred language, Ordinary People: Dilemmas of Culture and Politics in Egypt. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2003, pp. 47, 136.
- ^ Business TodayEGYPT. Mubarak throws presidential race wide open. March 2005.
- ^ Lavin, Abigail. Democracy on the Nile: The story of Ayman Nour and Egypt's problematic attempt at free elections. March 27, 2006.
- ^ Murphy, Dan. Egyptian vote marred by violence. Christian Science Monitor. May 26, 2005.
- ^ United States "Deeply Troubled" by Sentencing of Egypt's Nour. U.S. Department of State, Published December 24, 2005
- ^ Gomez, Edward M. Hosni Mubarak's pretend democratic election. San Francisco Chronicle. September 13, 2005.
- ^ Egypt to begin process of lifting emergency laws. December 5, 2006.
- ^ Anger over Egypt vote timetable BBC
- ^ a b Human Rights Watch. Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt. 2005
- ^ Church Building Regulations Eased
- ^ Freedom in the World 2006 (PDF). Freedom House (2005-12-16). Retrieved on 2006-07-27.
See also Freedom in the World 2006, List of indices of freedom - ^ Freedom House. Freedom in the World - Egypt. 2006
- ^ Egypt torture centre, report says. bbc.co.uk. Written 2007-. Accessed 2007-4-11.
- ^ Egypt rejects torture criticism. bbc.co.uk. Written 2007-. Accessed 2007-4-13.
- ^ Egyptian Organization for Human Rights
- ^ Official page of the Egyptian National Council for Human Rights.
- ^ Egyptian National Council for Human Rights Against Human Rights NGOs. EOHR. June 3, 2003.
- ^ Qenawy, Ahmed. The Egyptian Human Rights Council: The Apple Falls Close to the Tree. ANHRI. 2004
- ^ Egypt to begin process of lifting emergency laws. December 5, 2006.
- ^ Egypt parliament approves changes in constitution. Reuters. March 20, 2007.
- ^ a b c Egyptian people section from the World Factbook. World Fact Book. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ BBC NEWS | The limits of a Green Revolution?
- ^ Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy
- ^ a b UNDP, p. 75.
- ^ Iraq: from a Flood to a Trickle: Egypt
- ^ See The U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants for a lower estimate. The The Egyptian Organization for Human Rights states on its web site that in 2000 the World Council of Churches claimed that "between two and five million Sudanese have come to Egypt in recent years". Most Sudanese refugees come to Egypt in the hope of resettling in Europe or the US.
- ^ U.S. Department of State (2004-09-15). Egypt: International Religious Freedom Report. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. Retrieved on 2006-10-20.
- ^ a b Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (2006-12-16). Government Must Find Solution for Baha'i Egyptians. eipr.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-16.
- ^ Hoffman, Valerie J. Sufism, Mystics, and Saints in Modern Egypt. University of South Carolina Press, 1995.
- ^ WorldWide Religious News. Church Building Regulations Eased. December 13, 2005.
- ^ Compass Direct News. Church Building Regulations Eased. December 13, 2005.
- ^ Human Rights Watch. Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt. 2005
- ^ ArabicNews.com. Copts welcome Presidential announcement on Eastern Christmas Holiday. December 20, 2002.
- ^ BBC. Egypt church attacks spark anger, 15 April 2006.
- ^ Jewish Community Council (JCC) of Cairo. Bassatine News. 2006.
- ^ "EGYPT: Court suspends ruling recognising Bahai rights", Payvand's Iran News" 5/17/06
- ^ Halawi, Jailan. "Limits to expression", Al-Ahram Weekly, 21-27 December 2000.
- ^ Human Rights Watch. World report 2007: Egypt.
- ^ EGYPT: NATIONAL UNITY AND THE COPTIC ISSUE. 2004
- ^ Egypt: Egypt Arrests 22 Muslim converts to Christianity. 03 November, 2003
- ^ Shahine, Gihan. "Fraud, not Freedom". Ahram Weekly, 3 - 9 May 2007
- ^ El-Daly, op cit., p. 29
- ^ Jankowski, op cit., p. 130
- ^ Cairo Film Festival information.
- ^ Vatikiotis, op cit.
- ^ Egypt Military Strength
- ^ Steinitz, Yuval. Not the peace we expected. Haaretz. December 05, 2006.
- ^ Katz, Yaacov. "Egypt to launch first spy satellite," Jerusalem Post, January 15, 2007.
- ^ World Factbook area rank order
- ^ Hamza, Waleed. Land use and Coastal Management in the Third Countries: Egypt as a case. Accessed= 2007-06-10.
General references
- This article contains material from the CIA World Factbook which, as a U.S. government publication, is in the public domain.
- This article contains material from the US Department of State's Background Notes which, as a US government publication, is in the public domain.
External links
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- Ancient Egyptian Civilization - Aldokkan
- Rural poverty in Egypt (IFAD)
- Encyclopaedia Britannica's Egypt Country Page
- Egyptian Government Services Portal
- New Projects in Egypt
- Egypt State Information Services
- Egypt Information Portal - available in Arabic and English
- BBC News Country Profile - Egypt
- CIA World Factbook - Egypt
- Amnesty International's 2005 Report on Egypt.
- US State Department - Egypt includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
- Business Anti-Corruption Portal Egypt Country Profile
- Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Egypt
- Egypt at the Open Directory Project
- Egypt travel guide from Wikitravel
- Egypt Maps - Perry-Castañeda Map Collection
- Egyptian History (urdu)
- By Nile and Tigris, a narrative of journeys in Egypt and Mesopotamia on behalf of the British museum between the years 1886 and 1913, by Sir E. A. Wallis Budge, 1920 (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; DjVu & layered PDF format)
- Egypt Online Directory
- The Egyptian Organization for Human Rights
- PortSaid Free-zone forums
Egypt
